1,421 research outputs found
Expert judgment versus public opinion - evidence from the Eurovision Song Contest
For centuries, there have been discussions as to whether only experts can judge the quality of cultural output, or whether the taste of the public also has merit. This paper tries to resolve that question empirically, using national finals of the Eurovision Song Contest. We show that experts are better judges of quality: the outcome of finals judged by experts is less sensitive to factors unrelated to quality than the outcome of finals judged by public opinion. Yet, experts are not perfect: their judgment does still depend on such factors. This is also the case in the European finals of the contest.
Expert judgment versus public opinion : evidence from the Eurovision Song Contest
For centuries, there have been discussions as to whether only experts can judge the quality of cultural output, or whether the taste of the public also has merit. This paper tries to resolve that question empirically, using national finals of the Eurovision Song Contest. We show that experts are better judges of quality: the outcome of finals judged by experts is less sensitive to factors unrelated to quality than the outcome of finals judged by public opinion. Yet, experts are not perfect: their judgment does still depend on such factors. This is also the case in the European finals of the contest
An efficient tool to calculate two-dimensional optical spectra for photoactive molecular complexes
We combine the coherent modified Redfield theory (CMRT) with the equation of
motion-phase matching approach (PMA) to calculate two-dimensional photon echo
spectra for photoactive molecular complexes with an intermediate strength of
the coupling to their environment. Both techniques are highly efficient, yet
they involve approximations at different levels. By explicitly comparing with
the numerically exact quasi-adiabatic path integral approach, we show for the
Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex that the CMRT describes the decay rates in the
population dynamics well, but final stationary populations and the oscillation
frequencies differ slightly. In addition, we use the combined CMRT+PMA to
calculate two-dimensional photon-echo spectra for a simple dimer model. We find
excellent agreement with the exact path integral calculations at short waiting
times where the dynamics is still coherent. For long waiting times, differences
occur due to different final stationary states, specifically for strong
system-bath coupling. For weak to intermediate system-bath couplings, which is
most important for natural photosynthetic complexes, the combined CMRT+PMA
gives reasonable results with acceptable computational efforts
Synthesis of biodegradable polyesteramides with pendant functional groups
Morpholine-2,5-dione derivatives having substituents with benzyl-protected carboxylic acid, benzyloxycarbonyl-protected amine and p-methoxy-protected thiol groups, respectively, were prepared in 29-58% yield by cyclization of the corresponding N-[(2RS)-bromopropionyl]-L-amino acids. Polyesteramides with protected pendant functional groups were obtained by ring-opening copolymerization of either Δ-caprolactone or DL-lactide with morpholine-2,5-dione derivatives having protected functional substituents. The copolymerizations were carried out in the bulk at 130°C using stannous octoate as an initiator and using low mole fractions (0,05, 0,10 and 0,20) of morpholine-2,5-dione derivatives in the feed. The molecular weight of the resulting copolymers ranged from 1,4 to 8,3 · 104. The ring-opening homopolymerization of morpho-line-2,5-dione derivatives with protected functional substituents was not successful. Polyesteramides with either pendant carboxylic acid groups or pendant amine groups were prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of the corresponding protected copolymers. Treatment of copolymers having pendant p-methoxybenzyl-protected thiol groups with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid resulted not only in the removal of the p-methoxybenzyl group but also in severe degradation of the copolymers, due to acidolysis of main-chain ester bonds
Measuring the impact of observations on the predictability of the Kuroshio Extension in a shallow-water model
In this paper sequential importance sampling is used to assess the impact of observations on a ensemble prediction for the decadal path transitions of the Kuroshio Extension (KE). This particle ïŹltering approach gives access to the probability density of the state vector, which allows us to determine the predictive power â an entropy based measure â of the ensemble prediction. The proposed set-up makes use of an ensemble that, at each time, samples the climatological probability distribution. Then, in a post-processing step, the impact of diïŹerent sets of observations is measured by the increase in predictive power of the ensemble over the climatological signal during one-year. The method is applied in an identical-twin
experiment for the Kuroshio Extension using a reduced-gravity shallow water model. We investigate the impact of assimilating velocity observations from diïŹerent locations during the elongated and the contracted meandering state of the KE. Optimal observations location correspond to regions with strong potential vorticity gradients. For the elongated state the optimal location is in the ïŹrst meander of the KE. During the contracted state of the KE it is located south of Japan, where the Kuroshio separates from the coast
Ratchet-induced variations in bulk states of an active ideal gas
We study the distribution of active, noninteracting particles over two bulk
states separated by a ratchet potential. By solving the steady-state
Smoluchowski equations in a flux-free setting, we show that the ratchet
potential affects the distribution of particles over the bulks, and thus exerts
an influence of infinitely long range. As we show, crucial for having such a
long-range influence is an external potential that is nonlinear. We
characterize how the difference in bulk densities depends on activity and on
the ratchet potential, and we identify power law dependencies on system
parameters in several limiting cases. While weakly active systems are often
understood in terms of an effective temperature, we present an analytical
solution that explicitly shows that this is not possible in the current
setting. Instead, we rationalize our results by a simple transition state
model, that presumes particles to cross the potential barrier by Arrhenius
rates modified for activity. While this model does not quantitatively describe
the difference in bulk densities for feasible parameter values, it does
reproduce - in its regime of applicability - the complete power law behavior
correctly.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
Copolymerization of Δ-caprolactone and morpholine-2,5-dione derivatives
Novel biodegradable poly(ester-amide)s were prepared by ring-opening copolymerization of -caprolactone and 3- and/or 6-alkyl-substituted morpholine-2,5-dione derivatives. The copolymerizations were carried out in the bulk using stannous octoate as an initiator. Molecular weights of the copolymers ranged from 1,0 · 104 to 8,3 · 104 and decreased with increasing mole fractions of morpholine-2,5-dione derivatives in the feed. 13C NMR sequence analysis indicated that the copolymers had a random distribution of -oxycaproyl and depsipeptide units, which resulted from the occurrence of transesterification reactions during copolymerization. The results of the DSC measurements and 13C NMR sequence analysis showed a close relationship between the crystallinity and average length of Δ-oxycaproyl blocks. Copolymers with a mole fraction of depsipeptide units smaller than 0,20 were semi-crystalline, whereas incorporation of larger amounts of depsipeptide units resulted in amorphous copolymers. The melting point depression as a function of the molar composition of the semi-crystalline copolymers was in good agreement with the melting point depression predicted by the Baur equation, which indicated the rejection of depsipeptide units from crystals consisting of Δ-oxycaproyl units
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